Notes for BSc CSIT

 Final Modifier  Final Modifier is a non-access Specifier that is used to restrict a class, variable, and method. If we initialize a variable with the final keyword, then we cannot modify its value. The final modifier keyword makes the programmer cannot change the value anymore. The actual meaning depends on whether it is applied to a class, a variable, or a method.  It's a modifier that you can apply on variables, methods, and classes and when you apply the final modifier it can make variables immutable, prevent the method from overriding in subclasses, means no polymorphism, and when you make a class final in Java it cannot be extended anymore, taking out Inheritance from the picture.   The java final modifier can be used in the following ways (i) variable → To Create Constants (ii) Method → To prevent Method overriding  (iii) Class → To prevent inheritance. 2nd Part   The use of each modifier is explained below with example:- (i) To Define Constants  We can use the final modifie

The final Modifier The final modifier keyword makes the programmer cannot change the value anymore. The actual meaning depends on whether it is applied to a class, a variable, or a method.  It's a modifier that you can apply on variables, methods, and classes and when you apply the final modifier it can make variables immutable, prevent the method from overriding in subclasses, means no polymorphism, and when you make a class final in Java it cannot be extended anymore, taking out Inheritance from the picture. There are both pros and cons of using the final modifier in Java and that's why it's very very important for a Java developer to have an in-depth knowledge of the final modifier in Java and that's what you will learn in this article.  Following is a list of uses of the final modifier keyword. Using final to define constants: If you want to make a local variable, class variable (static field), or instance variable (non-static filed) constant, declare it final. A f

 Multidimensional data cube It basically helps in storing large amounts of data by making use of a multi-dimensional array. It increases its efficiency by keeping an index of each dimension. Thus, dimensional is able to retrieve data fast.  Multidimensional arrays are used to store data that assures a multidimensional view of the data. A multidimensional data cube helps in storing a large amount of data. Multidimensional data cube implements indexing to represent each dimension of a data cube which improves the accessing, retrieving, and storing data from the data cube.              OR, Centered on a structure where the cube is patterned as a multidimensional array, most OLAP products are created. Compared to other methods, these multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) products typically provide a better performance, primarily because they can be indexed directly into the data cube structure to capture data subsets. The cube gets sparser as the number of dimensions is larger. That ensures that

 Knowledge Discovery in Database(KKD) • Dating back to 1989, the namesake Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD) represents the overall process of collecting data and methodically refining it. • KDD is the automatic extraction of non-obvious, hidden knowledge from large volumes of data. • Data Mining also known as Knowledge Discovery in Databases, refers to the nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information from data stored in databases. Stages of knowledge discovery in database(KDD) IN LONG FORM 1. Data Cleaning: Data cleaning is defined as the removal of noisy and irrelevant data from the collection. • Cleaning in case of Missing values. • Cleaning noisy data, where noise is a random or variance error. • Cleaning with Data discrepancy detection and Data transformation tools. Ideally, it is a process of filtering noisy content and redundancies to eliminate irrelevancy from the records. All in all, this method gives you the glasses to see incon

 Leadership  Leadership is the art of influencing subordinates to direct their will, abilities, and efforts for the achievement of predetermined organizational objectives. Leadership is the essence of the organized vision and dedication of the individual. Leadership, in addition, is the process of meeting the needs of many different types of people who are working together toward achieving the organizational goal. People who direct or command or lead subordinates are called leaders and those who follow the direction or order or the leadership are called followers. In an organization, in general, by hierarchy, managers are leaders of supervisors and supervisors are the leaders of first-line employees. Leader, followers, and situation are the major components of leadership. It's an important function of management.  Stephen Robbins: "Leadership is the ability to influence a group towards achievement of goals. " James Stoner: "Leadership is the process of directing and

Mechanic & Organic Organization.

   CHANGING PERSPECTIVE OF ORGANIZATION The concept about organization has been changing over recent years. Organizational development is being one of the major areas of study from the very beginning of the twentieth century. Traditional views considered organizations as a closed system, operating in a predictable and stable environment but in modern thinking assumes that the organizations are complex entities operating in highly uncertain and unstable environment. The followings are some perspectives of organization: 1. Mechanistic perspective:  This is the traditional view on organizations. Many classical theories of organization represent mechanistic view. Many management experts and economists like F.W Taylor, Henry Fayol, Adam Smith, and Moony contributed to develop mechanistic perspective of organization. Mechanistic perspective is characterized by following features: This perspective assumes organizations as machines. It assumes that organizations operate in a predictable and st