Notes for BSc CSIT

   Datawarehouse  Data warehousing is a collection of tools and techniques using which more knowledge can be driven out from a large amount of data. This helps with the decision-making process and improving information resources. Datawarehouse is basically a database of unique data structures that allows the relatively quick and easy performance of complex queries over a large amount of data. It is created from multiple heterogeneous sources.  A data warehouse is built to store a huge amount of historical data and empowers fast requests over all the data, typically using Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). Data Warehousing vs. Databases Data warehouses and databases both are relative data systems, but both are made to serve different purposes. A data warehouse is built to store a huge amount of historical data and empowers fast requests over all the data, typically using Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). A database is made to store current transactions and allow quick access to spe

 Dataware house and data mining in  Agriculture development The agricultural census performed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, compiles a large number of agricultural parameters at the national level. District-wise agricultural production area and yield of crops are compiled, analysis, mining, and forecast statistics on the consumption of fertilizers can be turned into a data merge. Data n agricultural inputs such as seeds and fertilizers can also be effectively analyzed in a warehouse. Data from livestock census can be turned into a data warehouse. Land use pat statistics can also be analyzed in a warehousing environment. Thus, there is the substantial application of data warehouse housing and data mining techniques in the agricultural sector.

  We need E-governance for the following reasons:- • E-Government can transform – citizen service – provide access to information to empower citizens – enable their participation in government and enhance citizen economic and social opportunities – so that they can make better lives, for themselves and for the next generation.             OR, E-governance is a fundamental and important aspect in developing countries like ours. The main motive of E-governance is to provide SMART government to the citizens of the country. The main difficulty faced by peoples while dealing with government work is the delay and the problem created by the middleman. Hence to minimize the interruption of middlemen and make it easy for people to get all the services provided by the government.        E-governance is needed or important for various reasons some of them mentioned below: To provide direction and guidance in IT adoption To clearly identify the clear and measurable benefits from leveraging IT To m

Institutional Infrastructural Preparedness For any government to implement a successful e-governance project, the required institutional infrastructure must be in place which most of the government lacks.  The government body has to establish a separate IT department that basically coordinates with facilitators for e-government projects within the nation. The IT department works out for the hardware selection and procurement, network or software development and implementation, and staff training at various levels of the government.  Many countries still lack the institutional infrastructure.

  Legal Infrastructure Preparedness They lack requisite legislation and legal infrastructure to enable such reforms or reengineering of the existing business practices, rules, and regulations within the government at various levels.  The manual processes in government are usually obsolete, inefficient, and bureaucratic. Though they have transformed to computerization practices, they continue to have poor and inefficient performance and this is due to a lack of administrative reforms and lack of business process reengineering.  This seems to be accentuated in developing countries while developed countries have been significantly successful in administrative reforms and business reengineering. The fundamental question that arises here is" Are the laws and regulations required to permit and support the move towards e-governance initiatives in place? E.g Digital Signature Act

Present Global trend of growth in e-governance  Governments are called to take on a new role in this favorable convergence, giving up passively submitting to the winds of innovation. "The focus must now lie on the digit transformation of society as a whole. Governments are no longer only providing services to end-users, whether these are citizens or businesses. Press reports (during the end of 2002) indicate a trend of global growth in e-governance utilization by people in different categories. They indicate the following:  The proportion of adults worldwide using the Internet to access government services or products during the past 12 months has increased by around 15 percent, according to the findings of the second Government Online Study published by Taylor Nelson Sofres. Three out of ten citizens (30 percent) globally said that they had accessed government services online compared with only (26 percent) questioned a year ago. Government online services are most commonly used

 CHARACTERISTICS OF MATURITY LEVELS The characteristics exhibited by the organizations at various levels of maturity facilitate assessing the current level of e-governance attained by the organization. The following points describe the characteristics of the organizations at various levels: Level 1: Closed Organizations are closed to e-governance. No plans or vision is available. They continue with fully manual and conventional operations. Level 2: Initial The organization lacks strategic thinking and direction for e-governance at top level. There are unorganized and isolated efforts of automation in some areas. Automation efforts are a result of individual's initiatives. The effort sustains as long as the enthusiasm of the individual, who initiated it, remains and is often abandoned due to lack of direction. Such organizations generally accumulate hardware without any planning and much of it goes unutilized or underutilized. Level 3: Planned E-governance is a part of an organizati

  E-Governance  It is a part of e-Government. E-Governance is dealing with all regulations and policies to control the services provided by the e-Government. However, the E-Government is an electronic government, which should be regulated by the E-Governance. Moreover, e-Governance refers to the utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) for providing government services, disseminating information, communication operations with the general public. Broadcasting Model/ Wider Dissemination Model Principle • Broadcasting model is based on mass dissemination of governance-related information which is already available in the public domain into the wider public domain using ICTs. • This raises awareness among the citizens about ongoing governance processes and government services that are available to them and how they can benefit from them • The application of this model using appropriate technologies, could reduce the "information failure situations". Applicati

 The main advantages of using an object-oriented design approach over a function-oriented approach are:- 1. Simplicity: Software objects model real world objects, so the complexity is reduced and the program structure is very clearly. 2. Code reuse and recycling: Object created for one program can be easily reused in other program. 3. Faster development: Reuse enables faster development. 4. Lower cost of development: The reuse of software also lowers the cost of development. 5. High-quality software: Faster development of software and lower cost of development allows more time and resource to be used in verification of the software. 6. Maintainable: OOP methods make code more maintainable. Objects can be maintained separately, making locating and fixing problems easier.  7. Scalable: As an object's interface provides for reusing the object in new software, it also provides all the information needed to replace the object without affecting other code. This makes it easy to replace o

  a) Functional requirements - Functional requirements define the basic system behavior. Essentially, they are what the system does or must not do, and can be thought of in terms of how the system responds to inputs. -These are statements of services the system should provide, how the system should react to particular inputs and how the system should behave in a particular situation.  In some cases, functional requirements may also explicitly state what the system should not do. - These requirements depend on the type of software being developed the expected users of the software and generated approach taken by the organization when writing requirements. - When expressed as user requirements, the functional requirements should be written in natural language, so that the system user and manager can understand them. - Functional user requirement may be a high-level statement of what the system should do but functional system requirements should describe the system service in detail. - Th

- Formal specification is a part of a more general collection of techniques that are known as the "formal method". Example:- COMP313"Formal methods" (These are all based on the mathematical representation and analysis of software.) - Formal methods include : Formal specification Specification analysis and proof  Transformation development Program verification Types of formal specification  a) Behavioral Specification - Behavioral specification describes constraints on the behavior of the implementation. - Example:- functionality, safety, security, performance, etc   b) Structural specification  - It describes constraints on the internal composition of implementation. - Example:- Module interconnection, dependence relation Importance of Formal Specification -  Formal Specification involves investing more effort in the early phases of software development.  - To explain why formal specification techniques help to discover problems in system requirements. - To describe

  The difference between the software process and software process model are:-  Software Process In software engineering, the software process is the process of dividing the development of works into different phases. The software process is central to the development of an efficient information system. It is also known as software methodology. It is a set of activities that lead to the production of a software product. The fundamental activities that are common to all software processes are;- Software Specification Software design and implementation Software Evolution Software Process Model  A software process model is the abstract representation of software. It represents the order in which the activities of software development will be undertaken. Each process model represents a process from a particular perspective and thus provides only partial information about that process. There are several process model are available, they are as follows:-  Waterfall model   Generic Process Mo

 Requirement elicitation and analysis or eliciting and understanding requirements from system stakeholders is a difficult process in requirement engineering for several reasons:- Stakeholders often don't know what they want from a computer system except in the most general terms. They may find it difficult to articulate what they want the system to do, they may make unrealistic demands because they don't know what is and isn't feasible. Stakeholders in a system naturally express requirements in their own terms and with implicit knowledge of their own work. Requirements engineers without experience in their customer's domain may not understand these requirements. Different stakeholders with diverse requirements may express their requirements. Requirement engineers have to discover all potential sources of requirements & discover commonalities and conflicts. Political factors may influence the requirements of a system. Managers may demand specific system requirements

 KEY CHALLENGES FACING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1. The legacy challenge The majority of software systems that are in use today were developed many years yet they perform critical business functions. The legacy challenge is the challenge of maintaining and updating this software in such a way that excessive costs are avoided and essential business services continue to be delivered. 2. Heterogeneity challenge Increasingly, systems are required to operate as distributed systems across networks that include different types of computers and with different kinds of support systems. The heterogeneity challenge is the challenge of developing techniques to build dependable software which is flexible enough to cope with this heterogeneity. 3. The delivery challenge Many traditional software engineering techniques are time-consuming. The time they take is required to achieve software quality. However, businesses today must be responsive and change very rapidly. Their supporting software must change e