Notes for BSc CSIT

Datawarehouse and data mining in Census Data  The registered general and census commissions of India decennially compile information of all individuals, villages, population groups, etc. This information is wide-ranging such as the individual slip, a compilation of information on individual households of which a database of 5%. The sample is maintained for analysis .  Data mining can be performed for analysis and knowledge discovery. A village-level database was originally developed by the national informatics center at Hyderabad under the general information services terminal of the national informatics center (GISTNIC) for the 1999 census. Primary census abstract and village amenities. Subsequently, a data warehouse was also developed for village amenities in Tamil Nadu. This enables multi-dimensional analysis of the village-level data in such as education, health, and infrastructure. As the census compilation is performed once in ten years, the data is quasi-static and therefore no

 Datawarehouse  Data warehousing is a collection of tools and techniques using which more knowledge can be driven out from a large amount of data. This helps with the decision-making process and improving information resources. Datawarehouse is basically a database of unique data structures that allows the relatively quick and easy performance of complex queries over a large amount of data. It is created from multiple heterogeneous sources.  A data warehouse is built to store a huge amount of historical data and empowers fast requests over all the data, typically using Online Analytical Processing (OLAP). Datamining Data mining refers to extracting knowledge from large amounts of data. The data sources can include databases, data warehouses, the web, etc. Data mining refers to the analysis of data. It is the computer-supported process of analyzing huge sets of data that have either been compiled by computer systems or have been downloaded into the computer.  In the data mining process,

  Goals of Data Mining  Data mining is typically carried out with some end goals or applications. Broadly speaking, these goals fall into the following classes: prediction, identification, classification, and optimization. a)Prediction  Data mining can show how certain attributes within the data will behave in the future.  Examples of predictive data mining include the analysis of buying transactions to predict what consumers will buy under certain discounts, how much sales volume a store will generate in a given period, and whether deleting a product line will yield more profits.  In such applications, business logic is used coupled with data mining. In a scientific context, certain seismic wave patterns may predict an earthquake with high probability. b) Identification.  Data patterns can be used to identify the existence of an item, an event, or an activity.  For example, intruders trying to break a system may be identified by the programs executed, files accessed, and CPU time per

  We need E-governance for the following reasons:- • E-Government can transform – citizen service – provide access to information to empower citizens – enable their participation in government and enhance citizen economic and social opportunities – so that they can make better lives, for themselves and for the next generation.             OR, E-governance is a fundamental and important aspect in developing countries like ours. The main motive of E-governance is to provide SMART government to the citizens of the country. The main difficulty faced by peoples while dealing with government work is the delay and the problem created by the middleman. Hence to minimize the interruption of middlemen and make it easy for people to get all the services provided by the government.        E-governance is needed or important for various reasons some of them mentioned below: To provide direction and guidance in IT adoption To clearly identify the clear and measurable benefits from leveraging IT To m

  Human Infrastructural Preparedness Human resource development by training is an essential requirement that comes from well-trained manpower both technical and non-technical. The technical manpower resources are essential for all the phases of e-governance and related information system life cycle comprising systems analysis, design, programming, implementation, operation, and documentation. Both private and government institutions should play a major role in this regard.  Apart from technical human infrastructure, there is a need for the crucial training and orientation of user personnel i.e. government staff in e-governance projects. The government employees and staff who are the stakeholders in all e-government projects as the end-users are to be appropriately trained and oriented for change management from a manual government environment to an e-governance environment. Such training will make them competent and capable of handling e-governance projects at the operational level.  

  Technological Infrastructural Preparedness Technology is fast changing in the ICT domain and there is rapid obsolescence of software as hardware which requires great financial support time and again.  Government organizations encounter this situation especially as their procedures to procure hardware or software are very inefficient and slow.  The technological infrastructure in developing countries including computing and telecommunication is absent. As a result software and hardware may compatible. The major reasons are              -  cost of technology              -   Adaptability              -  Obsolescence This is a serious limitation to e-governance implementation.

Maturity Model  The maturity model provides a mode to measure the methods and processes being used against a clear set of external benchmarks. Maturity is indicated by the award of a particular "Maturity Level". A maturity level assessment may provide the following benefits:-  Ability to compare Maturity Level with other government ministries/departments. A known Maturity Level, with precise recommendations for improvement. An independently held set of "benchmarks" Simply put, maturity models are used to assess as-is situations (to diagnose and eliminate deficient capabilities), to guide improvement initiatives (to map the way for improvement), and to control progress. Different level in the maturity model of e-governance The Five Maturity Levels of e-Governance based on fact that speed, openness, and ubiquity are some major capabilities of ICT. The maturity levels described below provide a necessary mechanism to benchmark the efforts invested by an organization in

Principle Interactive-Service Model in many ways is a consolidation of the earlier digital governance models and opens up avenues for direct participation of individuals in the governance processes. This model fully captures the potential of ICT and leverages it for greater participation, efficiency, and transparency in the functioning of government as well as savings in time and costs relating to decision making. The Interactive-Service Model makes possible various services offered by the government to be directly accessible to citizens. It creates an interactive government-to-consumer-to-government (G2C2G) channel in various functions such as the election of government officials (E-ballots), filing of tax returns, procurement of government services, sharing of concerns, and providing expertise, conducting opinion polls on public issues, and grievance redressal. Applications This model could be applied in the following possible ways: • To establish an interactive communication channel