Define concept of planning.

-

 Planning

  •  Planning is a process of setting future courses of action regarding what to do, how to do when to do it, who will do it to attain the organizational goals, and so on. It is one of the management functions that is concerned with setting organizational goals and actions to achieve them. Planning sets the future goals of the organization and selects the course of action to attain the goals effectively and efficiently. In this regard, planning can be described as the process of setting action plans to direct activities of the organization to guarantee its success. If the planning process sets various goals, objectives, and courses of action to attain these. It is an intellectual process as to think in an advance about the things to be done in the future.
  • In organizations, planning is a management function that defines the goals for future direction and determines the missions and resources to achieve the targets. To meet the goals, managers may develop different plans such as a business plan, operating plan, or functional plan.
  • It is well said that a well-designed plan is half completion of the task'. It means that if we plan appropriately, half of the total tasks get completed effectively and efficiently. Planning is the blueprint of organizational goals, actions to accomplish the goals, resources as well as employee motivation. For organizational success, there must be a specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and focused plan. Such a plan helps tackle environmental uncertainty.
  • Koontz and Weirich - "Planning involves selecting missions and objectives and the actions to achieve them."
  • Henry Fayol- "Planning is deciding the best alternative, among others to perform different managerial operations in order to achieve the predetermined goals.
  • " Stephen P. Robbins - "Planning is deciding in advance about what to do, how to do when to do it, and who is to do it. It provides the ends to be achieved."
  • Koontz and O'Donnell- "Planning is an intellectual process, the conscious determination of courses of actions, the basis of decisions a purpose, facts and considered estimates."
  • Louis Allens "Management planning involves the development of forecasts, objectives, policies, programs, procedures, schedule and budget and budgets - it is a trap laid to capture the future." 
  • In conclusion, planning is the process of determining organizational goals, objectives, and course of action to be followed in the future. It is an intellectual process in which managers formulate and select the best course of action ensuring effective and efficient functions. Planning represents the vision, wisdom, and foresightedness of managers. Planning needs to be flexible as it requires addressing the dynamic business environment. Thus, planning is the means for organizational success.



Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

What are different steps used in JDBC? Write down a small program showing all steps.

-
 T he fundamental steps involved in the process of connecting to a database and executing a query consist of the following: Import JDBC packages. Load and register the JDBC driver. Open a connection to the database. Create a statement object to perform a query. Execute the statement object and return a query resultset. Process the resultset. Close the resultset and statement objects. Close the connection. These steps are described in detail in the sections that follow. 1. Import JDBC Packages This is for making the JDBC API classes immediately available to the application program. The following import statement should be included in the program irrespective of the JDBC driver being used: import java.sql.*; Additionally, depending on the features being used, Oracle-supplied JDBC packages might need to be imported. For example, the following packages might need to be imported while using the Oracle extensions to JDBC such as using advanced data types such as BLOB, and so on. import o...
Read more

Suppose that a data warehouse for Big-University consists of the following four dimensions: student, course, semester, and instructor, and two measures count and avg_grade. When at the lowest conceptual level (e.g., for a given student, course, semester, and instructor combination), the avg_grade measure stores the actual course grade of the student. At higher conceptual levels, avg_grade stores the average grade for the given combination. a) Draw a snowflake schema diagram for the data warehouse. b) Starting with the base cuboid [student, course, semester, instructor], what specific OLAP operations (e.g., roll-up from semester to year) should one perform in order to list the average grade of CS courses for each BigUniversity student. c) If each dimension has five levels (including all), such as “student < major < status < university < all”, how many cuboids will this cube contain (including the base and apex cuboids)?

-
Image
a) A Snowflake Shema is shown in figure below: b) The specific OLAP operations to be performed: 1. Roll-up on course from course_id to department. 2. Roll-up on a student from student_id to university. 3. Dice on course, student with department ="CS" and university = "biguniversity" 4. Drill-down on a student from the university to student_name. c) N = 4 dimensions The cube will contain 54 = 625 cuboids.
Read more

Discuss classification or taxonomy of virtualization at different levels.

-
Image
Taxonomy of virtualization Virtualization is mainly used to emulate the execution environment, storage, and networks. The execution environment is classified into two: – Process-level – implemented on top of an existing operating system.  – System-level – implemented directly on hardware and does not or minimum requirement of the existing operating system. OR,  Virtualization covers a wide range of emulation techniques that are applied to different areas of computing. A classification of these techniques helps us better understand their characteristics and use  V irtualization is mainly used to emulate  ● Execution Environments: To provide support for the execution of the programs eg. OS, and Application.  ○ Process Level: Implemented on top of an existing OS that has full control of the hardware  ○ System Level: Implemented directly on Hardware and do not require support from existing OS.  ● Storage: Storage vi...
Read more