Notes for BSc CSIT

 Service-oriented architecture (SOA)  Service-oriented architecture (SOA) references a set of principles and methodologies applied by software engineers to design and develop software in the form of interoperable services. Services are usually built in the form of components that can be reused for different purposes than originally intended. For this reason, the interfaces are often defined in a practical manner, allowing use across varying applications and multiple platforms. We can characterize SOA as follows: • In SOA, Services should be independent of other services. Altering a service should not affect the calling service. • Services should be self-contained. When we talk about Register Customer service it means, the service will do all the necessary work for us, we are not required to care about anything. • Services should be able to define themselves. Services should be able to answer the question of what it does? It should be able to tell the client what all operations it does,

  Jericho cloud cube model  Jericho Forum is an international independent group of information security leaders & their focus is on how to protect and secure cloud networks. They put forward a model that helps to categorize a cloud network based on four-dimensional factors. The Jericho Cloud Cube Model describes the multidimensional elements of cloud computing, framing not only cloud use cases, but also how they are deployed and used. The Cloud Cube Model, established and developed by the Jericho Forum, assists in categorizing cloud networks based on four dimensions: Internal/External Proprietary/Open Perimeterised/De-perimeterized  Insourced/Outsourced Four-Dimensional model: 1. Physical Location of Data: Data can be stored inside or outside, which ultimately establishes the organization's boundaries. 2. Ownership: Ownership can be proprietary or open; it not just measures the ownership of technology but also its interoperability, data use, and ease of data transfer, as well a

   The relationship between SOA and cloud architecture, To begin, it is crucial to highlight that Service-Oriented Architecture may be used with or without cloud computing. As more firms move file storage to the cloud, it makes sense to employ cloud computing and Service-Oriented Architecture together. Cloud computing enables users to quickly and easily develop services suited to their clients without needing to consult an IT staff. One disadvantage of combining SOA and Cloud is that some factors, such as security and availability, are not assessed. The integration of current data and systems into the cloud solution is a significant problem for enterprises when combining cloud computing and Service-Oriented Architecture. For the transition to be seamless, there must be continuity from beginning to end. It is also crucial to remember that not every IT function can be outsourced to the cloud. CLOUD DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION USING SOA Elasticity, self-service provisioning, standards-based

 Thread is different from the task in the following ways:- A t ask  describes a program that may need input files and generate output files as a result of its execution and applications are a collection of tasks. Tasks are submitted for execution, and their Output data is gathered at the conclusion. The way tasks are produced, the sequence in which they are executed, and whether they need data interchange to distinguish the application models that come under the task programming umbrella.  A Task may be used to indicate what you want to perform, and then that Task may be attached to a Thread. Threads are utilized to finish the task by splitting it up into pieces and executing them individually in a distributed system. A  thread  is a fundamental unit of CPU utilization that consists of a program counter, a stack, and a collection of registers. Threads have their program and memory areas. A thread of execution is the shortest series of programmed instructions that a scheduler can handle

  HYPERVISOR  A hypervisor (also known as a virtual machine monitor, VMM, or virtualizer) is a type of computer software, firmware or hardware that creates and runs virtual machines. A computer on which a hypervisor runs one or more virtual machines is called a host machine, and each virtual machine is called a guest machine. The hypervisor presents the guest operating systems with a virtual operating platform and manages the execution of the guest operating systems.  The term hypervisor is a variant of supervisor, a traditional term for the kernel of an operating system: the hypervisor is the supervisor of the supervisors, with hyper- used as a stronger variant of super. A hypervisor is a function that abstracts, or separates, operating systems and applications from the underlying computer hardware. This abstraction enables the underlying host machine hardware to run one or more virtual machines as guests independently, allowing numerous guest VMs to effectively share the system's

 Cloud Computing   Cloud Computing is the delivery of on-demand IT resources (such as the Internet, database, Server, Big-Data, etc ) implemented on the internet to process, manage and store data. In cloud computing, we can pay for only those resources which we have used. Benefits of Cloud Computing: Data backup and Storage of data Powerful  server capabilities Incremental  Productivity Cost-effective and Time-saving Agility (Access to a broad range of technology) Elasticity  The differentiating public cloud from the private cloud. Public Cloud :  The cloud services which are exposed to the public and can be used by anyone are called public clouds. The public cloud is owned, managed, and operated by businesses, universities, and government organizations. In the public cloud, data centers are located anywhere on the internet.  P rivate Cloud:  The cloud services which are private in the internal network within the organizations and selected users instead of the general public is called

 CLOUD SERVICE REQUIREMENTS Cloud computing consists of hardware and software resources made available on the Internet as managed by third-party services. Cloud services requirements typically provide access to advanced software applications and high-end networks of server computers. Service providers create cloud computing systems to serve common business or research needs. Examples of cloud computing services include: 1. Virtual IT. It configures and utilizes remote third-party servers as extensions to a company's local IT network. 2. Software. They utilize commercial software applications or develop and remotely host custom-built applications. 3. Network storage. The backup or archive data across the Internet to a provider without needing to know the physical location of storage. Cloud computing systems in general are designed for scalability to support large numbers of customers and surges in demand. Service providers are responsible for installing and maintaining core technol

  CLOUD SERVICES Cloud computing service models are divided into three categories: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS) (SaaS). There are evident distinctions between the three in terms of what they can provide a business in terms of storage and resource sharing, but they may also interact with one another to build a single comprehensive cloud computing platform. 1. IaaS (Infrastructure as Service):  This is the most prevalent cloud computing service architecture since it provides the underlying infrastructure of virtual servers, networks, operating systems, and data storage devices. It provides the flexibility, stability, and scalability that many organizations desire from the cloud while eliminating the need for hardware in the office. This makes it excellent for small and medium-sized businesses seeking a cost-effective IT solution to support business growth. IaaS is a completely outsourced pay-for-use service that is acc

   Cloud The “cloud” in cloud computing can be defined as the set of hardware, networks, storage, services, and interfaces that combine to deliver aspects of computing as a service. Cloud services include the delivery of software, infrastructure, and storage over the Internet. A cloud service is any service made available to users on demand via the Internet from a cloud computing provider's servers as opposed to being provided from a company's own premises servers explained before, the most common cloud service is that one offers data storage disks and virtual servers, i.e. infrastructure. Examples of Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) companies are Amazon, Rackspace, and Flexi scale. Cloud computing is the use of computing resources (hardware and software) that are delivered as a service over a network (typically the Internet).  Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direc

  Phases of MapReduce The MapReduce program is executed in three main phases: mapping, shuffling and reducing. There is also an optional phase known as the combiner phase. Mapping Phase This is the first phase of the program. There are two steps in this phase: splitting and mapping. A dataset is split into equal units called chunks (input splits) in the splitting step. Hadoop consists of a RecordReader that uses TextInputFormat to transform input splits into key-valuepairs. The key-value pairs are then used as inputs in the mapping step. This is the only data format that a mapper can read or understand. The mapping step contains a coding logic that is applied to these data blocks. In this step, the mapper processes the key-value pairs and produces an output of the same form (key-value pairs). Shuffling phase This is the second phase that takes place after the completion of the Mapping phase. It consists of two main steps: sorting and merging. In the sorting step, the key-value pairs ar

 Architecture of Cloud computing Cloud computing is utility-oriented and Internet Centric way of delivering IT services on demand. cloud computing architecture includes  i) infrastructure as a service i)platform as service  iii) software as a service From the figure above, we will discuss i) infrastructure as a service ii)platform as service iii) software as a service  iv) user-level middleware v) User application  vi) core middleware vii) system infrastructure. 1. IAAS It provides access to fundamental resources such as physical machines, virtual machines, virtual storage, etc. Characteristics: virtual machines with pre-install s/w virtual machines with preinstall os  on-demand availability of resources Allow copying of the particular data at different locations. resources can be easily scaled up and down. 2. PAAS :  platform as a service offers the runtime environment for the application. It offers development and deployment tools Required to develop the application. characteristics:

  Media Applications The use of cloud computing technology can benefit media applications as well. Encoding, transcoding composition, and rendering are examples of video processing tasks that are well suited to a cloud environment. These are computationally expensive jobs that can readily be transferred to cloud computing infrastructures. Examples Animoto, Maya rendering with Aneka, Video encoding on the cloud: Encoding.com, Multiplayer online gaming, etc.

The most important advantage of cloud technologies for social networking applications With over 1 billion members, Facebook is perhaps the most visible and intriguing social networking platform. To keep up with this enormous expansion, Facebook has needed to be able to expand capacity and build new scalable technologies and software systems while retaining high speed to provide a seamless user experience. Multiple data centers are required to support systems with a large number of users. They require highly efficient infrastructure. In the case of Facebook, such a platform largely supports the system's major functionality while also providing APIs for integrating third-party apps - such - as social games and quizzes made by others. LAMP is the foundation of the basic reference stack that serves Facebook (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP). This set of technologies is complemented by a suite of additional in-house services. These services are written in several languages and include fea

  CRM and ERP CRM (customer relationship management) and ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems are two industry categories that are thriving in the cloud, with CRM being the more mature of the two. Cloud CRM programs provide small businesses and start-ups with a terrific way to get fully working CRM software without big upfront expenditures and by paying monthly fees. Furthermore, CRM is not a task that needs a certain set of requirements, and it can be readily migrated to the cloud. Cloud CRM software has grown in popularity as a result of this feature, as well as the ability to view your business and customer data from anywhere and on any device. Cloud-based ERP systems are less mature, and they must compete with well-established in-house solutions. Finance and accounting, human resources, manufacturing, supply chain management, project management, and CRM are all integrated into ERP systems. Their purpose is to give a unified perspective and access to all activities required t

   GEOSCIENCE: SATELLITE IMAGE PROCESSING  Massive volumes of geographic and non-spatial data are collected, produced, and analyzed by geoscience applications. The volume of data that has to be processed grows considerably as technology advances and our world gets increasingly instrumented (e.g., through the deployment of sensors and satellites for monitoring). A fundamental component of geoscience applications is the geographic information system (GIS). All sorts of spatially linked data may be captured, stored, manipulated, analyzed, managed, and presented using GIS applications. This sort of data is becoming increasingly important in a range of application sectors, ranging from advanced agriculture to civic security and natural resource management. As a result, large amounts of geo-referenced data are fed into computer systems for processing and analysis. Cloud computing is a compelling alternative for completing these time-consuming processes and collecting useful data to aid decis

  Healthcare: ECG (Electrocardiogram) Analysis in cloud computing Healthcare is a field, subject, sector, or territory in which information technology has several uses. These apps are being used to aid businesses in supporting scientists in developing disease prevention solutions. Cloud computing has emerged as an appealing alternative for constructing health monitoring systems as a result of the development of the Internet or to put it another way, as a result of the availability of the internet. The ECG machine, for example, is a health monitoring device that measures the human body's heartbeat and prints the results on graph paper. The electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the electrical activity of the heart's Cardium. A waveform is created as a result of this action, which is repeated throughout time and symbolizes the heartbeat.  The analysis of the shape is used to identify arrhythmias, and it is the most common way of detecting heart diseases. Here the meaning of arrhythmias

  BIOLOGY: PROTEIN STRUCTURE PREDICTION (PSP) Cloud computing is a new technology that allows users to access a variety of computer services on demand. It gives users easy access to a pool of higher-level services and other system resources. Cloud computing has become more important in the realms of geology, biology, and other scientific studies. The finest example of a study area that uses cloud technologies for processing and storage is protein structure prediction. A protein is made up of peptide bonds that connect lengthy sequences of amino acids. The varied structures of proteins aid in the development of novel therapeutics, and Protein structure prediction is the prediction of various sequences of proteins based on their three-dimensional structure. Protein primary structures are created first, and secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures are predicted from the fundamental structure. Protein structural predictions are made in this manner. Protein structure prediction employ

Scientific Applications Scientific applications have been run on both traditional high-performance computing (HPC) systems such as supercomputers and clusters, as well as high throughput computing (HTC) platforms such as Grids, for many years. Many businesses have employed classical HPC to assist tackle a range of problems since they have access to enormous quantities of computer power. Although these systems were often built to solve a specific problem, a growing number of SMEs and even university departments began to use general-purpose HPC systems. Scientists, engineers, system administrators, and developers have been investigating HPC Cloud environments to take advantage of what Cloud Computing has to offer them as new growing technology. Running complex scientific applications has become more accessible to the research community thanks to the popularity of Cloud Computing, which allows researchers to access on-demand compute resources in minutes rather than waiting in queues for t