What is Grid Computing? Explain the standards and architecture of grid computing.

-

GRID ARCHITECTURE AND STANDARDS

The Grid's design is sometimes defined in terms of "layers," each of which performs a distinct purpose. In general, upper levels are more concerned with the user (user-centric), and lower levels are more concerned with computers and networks (hardware-centric).

The network layer, which ensures connection for the Grid's resources, lies at the absolute bottom of everything. On top of it is the resource layer, which is made up of the real Grid resources, such as computers, storage systems, electronic data catalogs, and even sensors such as telescopes or other equipment that may be directly linked to the network. The middleware layer offers the tools that allow different elements (servers, storage, networks, etc.) to participate in a unified Grid environment. The middleware layer may be thought of as the intelligence that connects the different pieces - the Grid's "brain"! The application layer is the structure's topmost layer, and it contains all of the user applications (science, engineering, business, and finance), portals, and development toolkits that support the apps. This is the layer that grid users will "see."



Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

What are different steps used in JDBC? Write down a small program showing all steps.

-
 T he fundamental steps involved in the process of connecting to a database and executing a query consist of the following: Import JDBC packages. Load and register the JDBC driver. Open a connection to the database. Create a statement object to perform a query. Execute the statement object and return a query resultset. Process the resultset. Close the resultset and statement objects. Close the connection. These steps are described in detail in the sections that follow. 1. Import JDBC Packages This is for making the JDBC API classes immediately available to the application program. The following import statement should be included in the program irrespective of the JDBC driver being used: import java.sql.*; Additionally, depending on the features being used, Oracle-supplied JDBC packages might need to be imported. For example, the following packages might need to be imported while using the Oracle extensions to JDBC such as using advanced data types such as BLOB, and so on. import o...
Read more

Explain Parallel Efficiency of MapReduce.

-
Image
 PARALLEL EFFICIENCY OF MAP-REDUCE It is worth trying to figure out what is the parallel efficiency of MapReduce. Now let us assume that the data produced after the map phase is σ times the original data size D (σD), further, we assume that there are P processors which in turn perform map and reduce operations depending on which phase they are used in, so we do not have any wastage of processors. Also, the algorithm itself is assumed to do wD useful work, w is not necessarily a constant it could be D^2 or something like that, but the point is that there is some amount of useful work being done even if you have a single processor and that's wD. Now let us look at the overheads of doing the computation wD using MapReduce. After the map operation, instead of D data items, we have σD data items in P pieces, so each mapper writes data to their local disk. So, P there is some overhead associated with writing this data. Next, this data has to be read by each reducer before it can begin ...
Read more

Suppose that a data warehouse for Big-University consists of the following four dimensions: student, course, semester, and instructor, and two measures count and avg_grade. When at the lowest conceptual level (e.g., for a given student, course, semester, and instructor combination), the avg_grade measure stores the actual course grade of the student. At higher conceptual levels, avg_grade stores the average grade for the given combination. a) Draw a snowflake schema diagram for the data warehouse. b) Starting with the base cuboid [student, course, semester, instructor], what specific OLAP operations (e.g., roll-up from semester to year) should one perform in order to list the average grade of CS courses for each BigUniversity student. c) If each dimension has five levels (including all), such as “student < major < status < university < all”, how many cuboids will this cube contain (including the base and apex cuboids)?

-
Image
a) A Snowflake Shema is shown in figure below: b) The specific OLAP operations to be performed: 1. Roll-up on course from course_id to department. 2. Roll-up on a student from student_id to university. 3. Dice on course, student with department ="CS" and university = "biguniversity" 4. Drill-down on a student from the university to student_name. c) N = 4 dimensions The cube will contain 54 = 625 cuboids.
Read more