State and explain any four principles of management.

-

 Principles of Management

Management is based on certain principles. The 14 principles of dan management as stated by Henry Fayol are discussed below.



1. Division of labor: The first principle of management as stated by Fayol is a division of labor. He/She emphasized the specialization of jobs. Organizational works must be divided and subdivided and allotted various persons according to their knowledge and skills in a area. Division of labor results in work efficiency through speed accuracy in performance. It also boosts efficiency in all parts of th organization, thus enhances productivity

2. Authority and responsibility: Authority refers to the right or the power of superiors to control people and other resources. Responsibility means obligation for the performance of the job assigned. Authority and responsibility are co-existing. If authority is given to a person, he/she should also be made responsible. Similarly, if anyone is made responsible for any job, he/she should also be provided authority. Authority without responsibility leads to irresponsible behavior whereas responsibility without authority makes the person ineffective. Hence, there should be a balance between authority and responsibility, i.e. they must go hand in hand.

3. Unity of command: According to this principle, a subordinate should receive orders from only one superior at a time. He/She should be made accountable to only one superior at a time. It means, a sub-ordinate should not be provided instructions from more than one person at a time because it undermines authority, weakens discipline, divides loyalty and creates confusion. If there is no unity of command, it leads to delays and chaos in the work. It may also lead to duplication and overlapping of efforts.

Unity of command provides the organization a disciplined, stable and orderly existence. It further creates a harmonious relationship between superiors and subordinates.

4. Unity of direction: Unity of direction states that there should be one plan for a group of activities having similar objectives. For example, the efforts the employees of one department should be directed towards achieving the objectives of that department. This principle helps in establishing coordination and uniformity in organizational activities.

5. Equity (Justice): Equity is the combination of fairness, kindness and justice in organizational operations. It states that the employees should be treated with kindness and equity so that they devote their efforts towards organizational goals. The managers should be fair and impartial while dealing with the subordinates. They should give similar treatment to the people of similar position. People should not be discriminated on grounds of age, caste, sex, religion, and relation. It creates and maintains cordial relations between the managers and subordinates.

6. Order: The principle of the order states that there must be a proper and systematic arrangement or placement of things/resources and people. Arrangement of things or resources is called material order and placement of people is called social order.

Material order- It states there should be a safe, appropriate, and specific place for every article/thing. It also urges every place should be effectively used for specific activities and commodities.

Social order- It involves the selection and appointment of the most suitable person for a particular job. There should be a specific place for everyone.

7. Discipline: Discipline means sincerity, obedience, and respect of authority. It also involves adherence to the rules and regulations of the organization. It is like a brake in automobiles. The principle of discipline states that subordinate should respect their superiors and obey their orders. This principle equally applies to all levels of management.

8. Initiative: This principle states that workers should not be encouraged to take initiative in their work. The initiative is an eagerness to begin actions without being asked to do so. For this, management should allow the employees to suggest ideas, experiences and new methods of work. It helps in developing an atmosphere of trust and understanding. People should also be encouraged with the help of monetary and non-monetary incentives.

9. Fair remuneration: The workers should be paid fair, reasonable, satisfactory, and rewarding remuneration for their efforts. should satisfy both employers and the employees. The remuneration should be determined on the basis of the cost of living, work assigned, the financial position of the business, and the prevailing wage rate. Scientific methods of remuneration help create a harmonious relationship and a pleasing atmosphere of work. Beyond remuneration for work, the workers should be provided other benefits such as free education, medical and residential facilities.

10. Stability of tenure: According to the stability of tenure, workers should be moved frequently from one job position to another as far as possible In other words, the period of service in a job should be fixed. The worker needs a certain time to be familiar with the job and succeed in doing it Hence, if the worker is removed before that, he/she may not be able to serve effectively. As a result of this, the time, effort, and money spent in training the workers will be wasted. 

11. Scalar chain: Scalar chain is the chain of superiors ranging from the highest to the lowest authority. It specifies the route through which information is communicated in an organization. Every order, instruction, message, request, and explanation passes through the scalar chain. However, this path can be cut short for the sake of convenience and urgency. This shortcut is known as a gangplank. Hence, a gang plank is a temporary arrangement between two different points of an organization. It is necessary to facilitate quick and easy communication.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Suppose that a data warehouse consists of the three dimensions time, doctor, and patient, and the two measures count and charge, where a charge is the fee that a doctor charges a patient for a visit. a) Draw a schema diagram for the above data warehouse using one of the schemas. [star, snowflake, fact constellation] b) Starting with the base cuboid [day, doctor, patient], what specific OLAP operations should be performed in order to list the total fee collected by each doctor in 2004? c) To obtain the same list, write an SQL query assuming the data are stored in a relational database with the schema fee (day, month, year, doctor, hospital, patient, count, charge)

-
Image
Solution: a) Star Schema is shown in the figure below: b) First, we should use the roll-up operation to get the year 2004(rolling-up from the day then month to a year). After getting that, we need to use the slice operation to select (2004). Second, we should use roll-up operation again to get all patients. Then, we need to use the slice operation to select (all). Finally, we get a list of the total fee collected by each doctor in 2004. So, 1. roll up from day to month to year 2. slice for year = “2004” 3. roll up on patient from the individual patient to all 4. slice for patient = “all” 5. get the list of the total fees collected by each doctor in 2004 c) Select doctor, Sum(charge) From fee Where year = 2004 Group by doctor
Read more

Suppose that a data warehouse for Big-University consists of the following four dimensions: student, course, semester, and instructor, and two measures count and avg_grade. When at the lowest conceptual level (e.g., for a given student, course, semester, and instructor combination), the avg_grade measure stores the actual course grade of the student. At higher conceptual levels, avg_grade stores the average grade for the given combination. a) Draw a snowflake schema diagram for the data warehouse. b) Starting with the base cuboid [student, course, semester, instructor], what specific OLAP operations (e.g., roll-up from semester to year) should one perform in order to list the average grade of CS courses for each BigUniversity student. c) If each dimension has five levels (including all), such as “student < major < status < university < all”, how many cuboids will this cube contain (including the base and apex cuboids)?

-
Image
a) A Snowflake Shema is shown in figure below: b) The specific OLAP operations to be performed: 1. Roll-up on course from course_id to department. 2. Roll-up on a student from student_id to university. 3. Dice on course, student with department ="CS" and university = "biguniversity" 4. Drill-down on a student from the university to student_name. c) N = 4 dimensions The cube will contain 54 = 625 cuboids.
Read more

Suppose that a data warehouse consists of the four dimensions; date, spectator, location, and game, and the two measures, count and charge, where charge is the fee that a spectator pays when watching a game on a given date. Spectators may be students, adults, or seniors, with each category having its own charge rate. a) Draw a star schema diagram for the data b) Starting with the base cuboid [date; spectator; location; game], what specific OLAP operations should perform in order to list the total charge paid by student spectators at GM Place in 2004?

-
Image
  b) The specific OLAP operations to be performed are: 1. Roll-up on date from date id to year. 2. Roll-up on spectator from spectator id to status. 3. Roll-up on location from location id to location name. 4. Roll-up on the game from game id to all. 5. Dice with status= “students”, location name= “GM Place”, and year=2004
Read more